Studies have demonstrated that physical activities highly promote physical, mental and social health of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Numerous factors are involved in the lack of participation of this population in physical activities. The goal of this study was to investigate the family barriers to participation of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder in physical activities. This descriptive research had an ex-post facto design. The statistical sample comprised 370 Iranian children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder, from both genders, aged 8 to 20 who were selected via cluster sampling method. The research instrument included a researcher-made questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha of 0.985. Data were analyzed using SPSS23 and Smart PLS3. The results showed that family factors are the barriers to participation of children and adolescents with autism spectrum in physical activities. The component “parents prefer their children to focus more on their school responsibilities instead of physical activity participation.” was reported as the most important barrier and the component "Physical activity takes a lot time from my child and he/she cannot do other family responsibilities and daily activities." was reported as the least important barrier. Due to the significant role of family in children’s physical activity participation, it is suggested that in order to promote the physical activity levels in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder, family barriers be considered and strategies be planned to overcome them.

The present study aimed at investigating preferences and barriers of physical addicts from their own perspectives. 175 male activity among drug participants, selected from addiction treatment centers, completed the preferences and barriers of physical activity and nicotine dependence (M= 5. 33), lack of time questionnaires. Results depicted that lack of energy (M= 5. 10) and lack of physical strength (M= 5. 07) were the three top preferences of addicts’ perception of physical activity barriers. In addition, addicts preferred doing physical activities at morning (64%), in home (46. 3%) or in public gym venues (45. 7%), with moderate (47. 4%) or high (40%) intensity and at own their own discretion (68. 5%). Walking (60%), swimming (45%) and doing exercises through watching TV programs (37%) received the foremost interest on the part of participants. Moreover, results of Kruskal-Wallis test indicated significant differences among physical activity barriers, so that lack of energy had significant differences with social effects, lack of skills, lack of resources and fear of injury, and its score was higher than all other variables. The score of lack of time was significantly higher than that of lack of resources and fear of injury. Also, lack of physical strength, social effects, lack of resources, and lack of skills obtained scores significantly higher than that of fear of injury. Using some medications for treatment may have resulted in decreasing participants’ energy for doing physical activities.

Background: The expansion of the use of audio and video media technology has faced society with many medical, cultural and economic challenges. In the meantime, excessive use of mobile phones can cause many problems. Objective: The aim of this study was to construct and validate a questionnaire on physical and psychological injuries of mobile phones. Method: The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational and confirmatory factor analysis. The statistical population of the study consisted of all citizens of Khorramabad with a diploma or higher in 1399, which was selected as a statistical sample by available sampling method of 200 people online and virtual. Results: The results showed that the factorized physical and psychological harm questionnaire of cell phone with 42 questions and 10 components (fear of loss, vibration syndrome, duck syndrome, nomophobia, insomnia, hearing problem, eye syndrome, tunnel and neck syndrome SMS) and has good reliability, validity and flexibility in terms of psychometrics. Discussion and Conclusion: The questionnaire of factor analysis of physical and psychological injuries of mobile phones can be used to identify and study the physical and psychological injuries of mobile phones.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical and non-physical factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different physical development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Background & Aims of the Study: A major factor affecting health is regular physical activity. Physical activity reduces the risk of infectious diseases. The current study aimed to investigate the Perceived benefits, barriers, and self-efficacy of physical activity of the administrative staff of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2018. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, a sample of 300 employees of the administrative staff of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran City, Iran, was selected by a convenience sampling method. The study variables included demographic information, perceived benefits and barriers, and self-efficacy physical activity. SPSS v. 16 was used to analyze the obtained data using the Chi-squared test, Mann-Whitney U test, KruskalWallis test, and Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: The collected results indicated a significant relationship between personal (P<0. 03) and interpersonal (P<0. 001) benefits and gender. Moreover, among the barriers, only environmental barriers had a significant relationship with gender (P<0. 03). A significant association was observed between benefits and barriers and self-efficacy (P<0. 01). The most common (environmental) barriers were the lack of sports space for men (51. 6%) and women (62. 9%), and being away from sports spaces for men (41. 5%) and women (49. 4%),the (personal) barriers were time-consuming for men (38. 5%), women (43%). The most common benefits were better sleep for men (96. 9%) and improved appearance for women (95. 3%). The most general self-efficacy was exercising alone in men (61. 5%) and women (56. 5%). Conclusion: The staff expressed common barriers to physical activity. These barriers should be considered in designing health care policies and interventions such as providing sports facilities to promote physical activity.

Background & Objective: Disability in human societies dates back to the history of humanity and the extent of disability in the world is irrefutable. According to a report published by the World Health Organization, about 1. 5% of the world's population is disabled. The existence of millions of disabled people around the world has raised the issue of disability as a global issue and the issue of human rights of people with disabilities is one of the greatest challenges of today's societies. Therefore, the rights of disabled people have been attentive to the United Nations and other international organizations over a long period of time. The UN General Assembly, in its most important step in 2006, approved the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its related optional protocol. The purpose of this Convention is to protect the rights of persons with disabilities from all human rights and fundamental freedoms and to promote respect for their inherent dignity. One of the basic rights of persons with disabilities is the right to participate in sports activities. Because the participation of the disabled in sports activities has increased the level of happiness, self-confidence, independence, socialization and life expectancy. The aim of this survey was to investigate environmental barriers to participation in physical activity through a legal perspective. Methods: The research was practical in purpose and data collection method was descriptive – survey. The study population of this study includes all physically and mentally handicapped people in Golestan province, of whom 173 individuals were selected through random sampling. The research instruments for were a questionnaire designed by Poorrnjbar (1393), Zebardast (1395), Text Convention on the Rights of Disabled Persons (Jan Ghorban & Zare, 1390) and other specialized texts, whose validity was confirmed by the professors. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was obtained by using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole questionnaire (alpha = 87/0). The Friedman test, t test and Pearson1 correlation coefficient were used to test the research hypotheses. Statistical Package for Social Sciences Software (version 21) was used to analyze the data. Results: Research findings on the description and prioritization of the average rating among types of activities of the disabled persons in leisure time showed that participation in sports activities was among the lowest rank. Among the 18 indicators of the legal status of the disabled, the only 3 indicators, namely, "the right to education and equal opportunity at all levels and in the form of lifelong learning, respect for the inherent dignity and individual autonomy, enjoying the right to liberty and individual security equal to others" from the perspective of the disabled persons were found to be desirable. Also, there is a negative and significant relationship between the level of activity of the disabled and each of the barriers at the 99% confidence level; From the strongest to the weakest severity of the relationship with the degree of participation of persons with disabilities, respectively, are the "economic", "sports facilities and facilities", "social protection", "information and advertising", "access to the gym and playgrounds", "management and program" "And "mental and physical barriers". Conclusion: According to the findings of this research, economic and social support is one of the effective factors in increasing the participation of the disabled persons in sports activities.

Background: Physical activity is a complex behavior. To designing the effective intervention, qualitative researches may be allowed for greater understanding of the reasons behind the adolescences’ physical activity‑related behaviors’.Methods: Using the grounded theory approach, including semi‑structured focus group discussions (FGDs) and in‑depth interviews, we conducted a quantitative study to elicit the adolescents and key informants’ opinion regarding the satiation, needs, social and environmental barriers of adolescents’ physical activity. For FGDs, participants were selected from volunteered adolescent (aged 10–19 years) of the populated western part of Tehran, which was selected as a research field. Key informants were invited from the health professionals and experts in the field of adolescents’ health.Results: According to findings, although the majority of participants agreed on the important role of physical activity, the lack of essential motivation and the pressure of educational assignments remove it from the daily program priorities. Lack of a safe environment for girls’ physical activity and high cost of professional sports were two first mentioned barriers. It was also suggested that future interventions should focus on improving more parents’ engagement and their direct participation in physical activities with their adolescents.Conclusions: We proposed the participatory strategies for adolescent’s physical activity promotion. Through which target groups participation during the designing, development, and implementation of health programs led to more effective interventions.

Introduction: Coastal aquifers are the main source of freshwater supply in most coastal regions. Their proximity to seas and oceans exposes them to the risk of salinization. Hence, providing an effective solution to reduce saltwater intrusion can play a significant role in coastal water resource management. In this study, an effort was made to evaluate the effects of recharge wells and abstraction wells as hydraulic barriers, and cutoff walls as a physical barrier, both separately and in combination, on the mitigation of seawater intrusion using different experiments.Methodology: The experimental model used in this study was a flow tank with a thickness of 1 centimeters. The flow tank was divided into a central chamber with internal dimensions of 140×58×5 centimeters and two side chambers with internal dimensions of 10×58×5 centimeters. The central chamber served as the porous medium, while the left and right side chambers were used to control the head of saline and fresh water entering the porous medium during the experiments. Glass beads were employed to create the porous medium. The fresh water used in the experiments was supplied from the tap water, with a density of approximately 998 kg/m3. The saline water used in the experiments was prepared by adding 35 grams of purified salt and 2 milliliters of red food coloring to each liter of tap water. An aluminum sheet with a thickness of 7 millimeters, an approximate width of 5 centimeters, and a height of 54 centimeters was used to construct the cutoff wall. Two separate polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes were used as extraction and injection wells. The extraction well was placed 22 centimeters from the saltwater boundary, with its mouth penetrating to a depth of 52 centimeters from the top edge of the experimental model. The injection well was placed 40 centimeters from the saltwater boundary, with its mouth penetrating to a depth of 56 centimeters from the top edge of the model. To prepare the required freshwater for the injection well, one cubic centimeter of blue food coloring was added to each liter of tap water.Results and Discussion: In this study, injectioning action was performed at flow rates of 0.65, 1.30, and 2.0 liters per minute. The fed water flow caused the return of the salt wedge. The reason is that when the injection well is activated, the local velocity in the aquifer increases because the recharge flow accumulates with the normal velocity inside the aquifer, resulting in a greater velocity at the outlet of the well towards the saltwater boundary. This increased flow washes and transports salt grains of the salt wedge along the common boundary towards the sea, leading to their removal from the porous medium. Thus, greater local velocity, the greater the washing and salt transport, resulting in a smaller salt wedge or, in other words, a greater return. For investigating the combined effect of cutoff walls and injection wells, the intrusion experiment was first conducted in the presence of a cutoff wall. Therefore, the distance of the salt wedge to the saltwater boundary was 38.5 centimeters. Then, injectioning action started at a rate of 0.65 liters per minute. The injected water began to move within the porous medium, and after approximately 50 minutes from the start of the injectioning process, the salt wedge reached a stable state. In the stable conditions, the length of the salt wedge was 27 centimeters, indicating a return of 17 centimeters. Therefore, the effectiveness of the simultaneous use of an cutoff wall and a injection well in preventing saltwater intrusion is approximately 38.6%. To investigate the combined effect of injection and extraction wells in reducing saltwater intrusion, both wells were activated simultaneously at a rate of 0.65 liters per minute each. After about 35 minutes, the salt wedge reached a stable state with a length of 29.6 centimeters, indicating a return of approximately 16.7 centimeters. Thus, the simultaneous use of extraction and injection wells at a rate of 0.65 liters per minute each is approximately 32.7% more effective than using the extraction well alone.Conclusion: The simultaneous use of extraction and injection wells showed a 5.22% better performance in preventing saltwater intrusion compared to using the extraction well alone, albeit with approximately 2% lower effectiveness in retreating the salt wedge compared to using the injection well alone. By comparing the combined effect of all three barriers with each individual method, it was evident that the combined method of cutoff wall, extraction well, and injection well had a better performance in preventing saltwater intrusion by 17% and 19.3% compared to the cutoff wall and extraction well alone, respectively. However, their effectiveness was 4.59% weaker compared to the individual effect of the injection well.